Which of the following are common complications of DMD?

• A. Contractures, scoliosis, cardiac and respiratory issues
• B. Only skin problems
• C. Neurological deficits
• D. Digestive issues only

Answer: (A)

Duchenne muscular dystrophy commonly leads to problems from progressive muscle weakness that affect the skeleton, heart, and lungs. As muscles deteriorate and are replaced by fibrous tissue, joints often contract, limiting range of motion. Weak paraspinal and trunk muscles allow the spine to curve, producing scoliosis. The heart and breathing muscles are also affected, leading to cardiomyopathy and progressive respiratory failure with infections being common. These interconnected complications—contractures, scoliosis, and cardiac plus respiratory issues—are hallmark issues that drive morbidity and mortality in DMD, making this option the best fit. Skin problems aren’t a defining feature, neurological deficits aren’t central to the typical DMD picture, and digestive issues alone don’t capture the main clinical course.